Earmarks requested by Angus S. King, Jr.
Projects Congress paid for by name in the annual spending laws: House Community Project Funding and Senate Congressionally Directed Spending, FY2022–FY2024. 92 provisions worth $136.00M match.
Senator Angus S. King, Jr. (Independent, ME) · official site ↗
By year
- FY2022 $136.00M · 92
FY2025: none (a full-year continuing resolution). FY2026: enacted, not yet in GAO's data.
Requesting members
- Angus S. King, Jr. Sen. ME · $136.00M · 92
- Susan M. Collins Sen. ME · $119.58M · 69
- Chellie Pingree Rep. ME · $7.95M · 10
- Jared F. Golden Rep. ME · $6.41M · 7
A project with several requesters counts for each of them.
By agency
- Department of Transportation $60.86M · 12
- Department of Housing and Urban Development $29.19M · 21
- Environmental Protection Agency $13.46M · 11
- Department of Health and Human Services $11.97M · 16
- Department of Education $4.76M · 8
- Department of Labor $3.92M · 5
- Department of Commerce $3.49M · 5
- Small Business Administration $2.59M · 4
Largest provisions
| FY | Project and recipient | Agency | Requested by | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Maine Northern Railroad Improvements Maine Department of Transportation · ME | Department of Transportation · Consolidated Rail Infrastructure and Safety Improvements | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $12.96M $12.96M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Searsport - US Route 1 Reconstruction · ME | Department of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $9.20M $9.20M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Edgecomb to Boothbay - State Route 27 · ME | Department of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $8.00M $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Dover-Foxcroft, Dover Bridge #5118 Replacement · ME | Department of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $7.20M $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Camden - US Route 1 Reconstruction · ME | Department of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $5.00M $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Augusta: Bangor Street Improvements · ME | Department of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $4.80M $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Livermore Falls - State Route 17 Reconstruction · ME | Department of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $4.00M $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Newport - US Route 2 · ME | Department of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $4.00M $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | To expand and renovate the Katahdin Higher Education Center to increase access to childcare Eastern Maine Community College · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $4.00M $4.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | City of Saco for Water Resource Recovery Facility Upgrade · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $3.93M $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Pittsfield - State Route 11 Rehabilitation · ME | Department of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $3.20M $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Loring Economic Development Infrastructure Project Loring Development Authority of Maine · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $3.10M $3.10M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | East Millinocket Industrial Complex Redevelopment Town of East Millinocket · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $2.85M $2.85M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Perkins Cove Revitalization Project Town of Ogunquit · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $2.85M $2.85M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Skowhegan Run of River Project Main Street Skowhegan · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $2.00M $2.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Maine Community Action Partnership, ME, to provide services to help families achieve self-sufficiency and reduce poverty · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Administration for Children and Families (ACF) | Senator Angus King ME | $2.00M $2.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Energy Efficient Community Cross-Laminated Timber Demonstration Project/Wood-fiber Insulated Panels for Modular Construction and Retrofit Applications University of Maine System · ME | Department of Energy · Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $2.00M $2.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Town of Livermore Falls for Wastewater Treatment Facility improvements · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Jared Golden ME | $1.70M $1.70M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Abyssinian Meeting House Restoration The Committee to Restore the Abyssinian Meeting House · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Chellie Pingree ME | $1.70M $1.70M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Rockland Fish Pier Redevelopment City of Rockland · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $1.50M $1.50M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | St. Joseph Hospital, ME, for facilities and equipment · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $1.50M $1.50M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Early Childhood Education Expansion - Bath Area Family YMCA Bath Area Family YMCA · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Angus King ME | $1.46M $1.46M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Town of Vinalhaven for Downtown Sewer and Water Project · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Angus King ME, Representative Chellie Pingree ME | $1.41M $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Town of Bridgton for Sewer Main Extensions Project · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $1.40M $1.40M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Presque Isle - US Route 1 Reconstruction · ME | Department of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $1.20M $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | City of Brewer for Oak Grove Sewer Subsystem Remediation Project · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $1.10M $1.10M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Bangor Commercial Kitchen Incubator City of Bangor · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $1.01M $1.01M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Northern Maine Community College, Presque Isle, ME for a mechanized logging operations training program, including equipment and curriculum · ME | Department of Labor · Employment and Training Administration (ETA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Jared Golden ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Town of Winslow for Chaffee Brook Pump Station · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Bates Mill #5 Brownfields Cleanup and Renovations City of Lewiston · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Jared Golden ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | City of Belfast for Sewer Line Replacements · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Gorham Industrial Park – West Campus Phase One Town of Gorham · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Angus King ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Town of Madison Forest Products Hub Economic Revitalization Town of Madison · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Jared Golden ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Advanced and Additive Manufacturing Center Development Roux Institute at Northeastern University · ME | Department of Commerce · STRS | Senator Angus King ME | $1.00M $1000.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Town of Old Orchard Beach for Wastewater Treatment Facility Upgrades · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Wabanaki Public Health and Wellness, ME, for facilities and equipment · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Angus King ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Waldoboro Community Center and Medical Arts Facility Town of Waldoboro · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Angus King ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | University of Maine System, ME, for health education equipment · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Southern Maine Community College, South Portland, ME for welding workforce training, including equipment and a mobile training lab · ME | Department of Labor · Employment and Training Administration (ETA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Jared Golden ME | $1.00M $1.00M obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Maine Climate Coordination Center University of Maine · ME | Department of Commerce · Operations, Research and Facilities | Senator Angus King ME, Representative Chellie Pingree ME | $990.0K $989.7K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | University of Maine System, ME, for a teacher preparation program · ME | Department of Education · Higher Education | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $989.0K $989.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Maine Aquaculture Innovation Center, ME, for a community college training program, including technology and equipment · ME | Department of Education · Higher Education | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $977.0K $977.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Belfast Street Improvements City of Belfast · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $972.0K $972.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Central Maine Healthcare Corporation, ME, for facilities and equipment · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $948.0K $947.4K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | University of Maine System, ME, for a college success program · ME | Department of Education · Higher Education | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $945.0K $945.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | FocusMaine Catalyzing Business Growth in Maine’s Marine and Agricultural Economy FocusMaine, Augusta, ME · ME | Small Business Administration · Salaries and Expenses | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $919.0K $919.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Midcoast Law Enforcement Equipment Purchasing Program Midcoast Council of Governments · ME | Department of Justice · COPS Tech | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $900.0K $900.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Dover-Foxcroft, ME Lincoln Bridge Rehabilitation Project Dover-Foxcroft, ME · ME | Department of Homeland Security · Pre-Disaster Mitigation | Senator Angus King ME | $883.0K $300.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | American Red Cross, Northern New England Region, ME, for facilities and equipment · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $871.0K $871.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Trustees of Saint Joseph's College, ME, for facilities and equipment · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $810.0K $810.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Vassalboro - State Route 32 · ME | Department of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $800.0K $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Planning for the Future of Maine's Lobster Industry Maine Department of Marine Resources · ME | Department of Commerce · Operations, Research and Facilities | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Chellie Pingree ME | $765.0K $765.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Eastern Maine Development Corporation, ME, for the Jail Diversion through Work and Wellness program · ME | Department of Labor · Employment and Training Administration (ETA) | Senator Angus King ME | $750.0K $750.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Maine's Entrepreneur Ecosystem Development Maine Development Foundation, Hallowell, ME · ME | Small Business Administration · Salaries and Expenses | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $747.0K $747.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Walkable Houlton Project Town of Houlton · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $732.0K $732.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Eastern Trail Engineering Design Eastern Trail Management District · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Chellie Pingree ME | $700.0K $700.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Milestone Recovery, Portland, ME for a substance use disorder outpatient treatment and support program · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Chellie Pingree ME | $690.0K $690.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Millinocket - Remediation and Reuse Study of former Wastewater Treatment Plant Our Katahdin · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $671.0K $671.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Portland Alternative Response Team Initiative City of Portland Police Department · ME | Department of Justice · Byrne | Senator Angus King ME | $658.0K $658.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Harry E. Davis Partnership for Children’s Oral Health, Yarmouth, ME for a telehealth initiative · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Chellie Pingree ME | $650.0K $650.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Gulf of Maine Research Institute's Climate Center Project Gulf of Maine Research Institute · ME | Department of Commerce · Operations, Research and Facilities | Senator Angus King ME | $650.0K $650.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Aroostook County Action Program Inc., ME, for equipment · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $643.0K $643.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Gulf of Maine Blue Economy Gulf of Maine Research Institute, Portland, ME · ME | Small Business Administration · Salaries and Expenses | Senator Angus King ME | $632.0K $632.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Eastern Maine Development Corporation, ME, for a training initiative, including stipends and supportive services · ME | Department of Labor · Employment and Training Administration (ETA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $600.0K $600.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Northern Maine Community College, ME, for the electrical construction and maintenance program · ME | Department of Labor · Employment and Training Administration (ETA) | Senator Angus King ME | $567.0K $567.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | City of Presque Isle for Echo Lake Septic Tank Effluent Pump System · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Angus King ME | $550.0K $550.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Youth and Family Outreach, ME, for an early childhood education program, including equipment · ME | Department of Education · Elementary & Secondary Education | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $515.0K $515.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Carthage Group Critical Internet Infrastructure Greater Franklin Development Council · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Angus King ME | $514.0K $514.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Mercy Hospital, ME, for facilities and equipment · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $510.0K $510.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Brunswick Executive Airport (BXM) Customs and Border Protection Facility · ME | Department of Transportation · Grants-in-Aid for Airports | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $500.0K $500.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Maine Discovery Museum, ME, for teacher professional development and science outreach and educational programming · ME | Department of Education · Elementary & Secondary Education | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $500.0K $500.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | 4-H Innovation and Learning Center Maine 4-H Foundation · ME | Department of Agriculture · Community Facilities | Senator Angus King ME, Representative Chellie Pingree ME | $450.0K $450.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Renovation of Johnson Hall Johnson Hall, Inc · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Jared Golden ME | $411.7K $411.7K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Safe Voices Building Improvements Safe Voices · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $394.0K $394.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Harrison Foodbank Expansion Harrison Food Bank · ME | Department of Agriculture · Community Facilities | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $388.9K $388.9K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Spurwink, ME, for facilities and equipment · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $366.0K $366.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Maine College of Art, ME, to expand online course offerings · ME | Department of Education · Higher Education | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $357.0K $357.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Best Buddies International, Inc., ME, for the Maine Best Buddies Inclusion Project for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities · ME | Department of Education · Elementary & Secondary Education | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $331.0K $331.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | York County Shelter Programs' Community Resource Center York County Shelter Programs, Inc · ME | Department of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | Senator Angus King ME, Representative Chellie Pingree ME | $325.0K $325.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | University of Maine System for Maine Emerald Ash Borer Management · ME | Department of Agriculture · Forest Resource Information and Analysis | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $300.0K $300.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Town of East Millinocket, ME for purchase of equipment for the East Millinocket Rural Ambulance Service · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | Senator Angus King ME, Representative Jared Golden ME | $300.0K $300.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Business, Agriculture and Rural Development (BARD) Technical Assistance Pipeline University of Maine System, Orono, ME · ME | Small Business Administration · Salaries and Expenses | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $292.0K $292.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | City of Augusta, ME for Project Recovery, to increase access to substance use treatment, recovery, and supportive services · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME, Representative Chellie Pingree ME | $265.0K $263.3K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | The Center for Grieving Children, ME, for peer support groups for grieving children · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Administration for Children and Families (ACF) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $264.0K $264.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Town of Frenchville for Removal of Accumulated Wastewater Sludge from Aeration Lagoons · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $247.0K $247.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | York Hospital, ME, for substance use prevention, treatment, and recovery services · ME | Department of Health and Human Services · Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $155.0K $155.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | LearningWorks, ME, for teacher training and curricula development · ME | Department of Education · Elementary & Secondary Education | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $150.0K $150.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | City of Eastport Wastewater Treatment Department for Middle Street Pump Station Generator Upgrade · ME | Environmental Protection Agency · State and Tribal Assistance Grants - Clean Water SRF | Senator Angus King ME | $120.0K $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Isle au Haut Thoroughfare, ME U.S. Army Corps of Engineers · ME | Army Corps of Engineers · Operation and Maintenance | Senator Susan Collins ME, Senator Angus King ME | $100.0K $0 obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Ocean Science STEM Educational Workshops Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences · ME | Department of Commerce · Operations, Research and Facilities | Senator Angus King ME | $89.0K $89.0K obligated by 9/30/23 |
| 2022 | Millinocket Library Millinocket Memorial Library · ME | Department of Agriculture · Community Facilities | Senator Angus King ME | $56.0K |
| 2022 | St. Albans Town Hall Improvements Town of St. Albans · ME | Department of Agriculture · Community Facilities | Senator Angus King ME | $23.0K |
Enacted earmarks from GAO's Tracking the Funds data (FY2022-FY2024). FY2025 had none (a full-year continuing resolution); FY2026's are enacted but not yet in GAO's data. Amounts are what the law provided, not what was spent. Source: GAO, Tracking the Funds. Requesters are matched to today's members of Congress by name and state; former members show as GAO wrote them.