Putting the topic page together from the records…
Putting the topic page together from the records…
The current fiscal year is still being reported (Defense contracts arrive about 90 days late).
Awards are tagged by words in their description; Jev (an AI that answers yes/no with a probability, not text) judged whether each of the 793 word-tagged awards is really about hypersonics and which kind. The numbers themselves come from the records. The largest left out:
Each award's description says which side it's on; its product or service code says what kind of purchase it is.
| Type | Kind of purchase | Obligations | Awards | Leading suppliers |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Research and development | $75.01M | 116 | The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC · Amentum Services, Inc. · Science Applications International Corporation | |
| Engineering, technical and professional support | $25.00M | 14 | Perikin Enterprises LLC · Avarint, LLC · Bowhead Program Management & Operations, LLC | |
| Grants and other assistance | $15.77M | 68 | University of Notre Dame Du Lac · The Regents of the University of Colorado · University of Alabama at Birmingham | |
| Other services | $1.85M | 2 | Erie Affiliates Inc · Arctic Slope Regional Corporation | |
| Equipment and parts | $204.4K | 2 | Tencarva Machinery Company, LLC | |
| IT and data | -$55.0K | 1 |
Companies with hypersonics contracts, largest first (the top 30 of 86). Grants are listed below.
| Supplier | Obligations | Contracts | What | Buyers | Largest contract |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC | $18.59M | 5 | Research and development · Engineering, technical and professional support | Department of Defense | HQ085425FE017 · $12.93M · ATTACHMENT 1 - HYPERSONIC GLIDE PHASE INTERCEPTOR TASK PLAN DATE: MAY 29, 2025 |
| Amentum Services, Inc. | $12.34M | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA807523F0018 · $12.34M · HYPERSONICS AND STRATEGIC MISSIONS RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND EVALUATION FOR THE… |
| Science Applications International Corporation | $11.84M | 2 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA807523F0035 · $11.44M · HYPERSONICS ADVANCED CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIC MISSIONS RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND… |
| Perikin Enterprises LLC | $8.99M | 1 | Engineering, technical and professional support | Department of Defense | FA910122CB004 · $8.99M · HYPERSONIC TEST & EVALUATION ADVISORY AND ASSISTANCE SERVICES |
| Ursa Major Technologies, Inc. | $8.22M | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA930025C6011 · $8.22M · STORABLE ROCKET ENGINE FOR HYPERSONIC APPLICATIONS |
Each opens its own page: every action, the terms, and who the money went to next. “Why here” is the word in its description that tagged it.
| Award | To | Agency | What | Obligations | Description | Why here |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HQ085425FE017 | The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC | Department of Defense | Research and development | $12.93M | ATTACHMENT 1 - HYPERSONIC GLIDE PHASE INTERCEPTOR TASK PLAN DATE: MAY 29, 2025 | “hypersonic” |
| FA807523F0018 | Amentum Services, Inc. | Department of Defense | Research and development | $12.34M | HYPERSONICS AND STRATEGIC MISSIONS RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND EVALUATION FOR THE NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER CRANE STRATEGIC SYSTEMS HARDWARE DIVISION | “hypersonics” |
| FA807523F0035 | Science Applications International Corporation | Department of Defense | Research and development | $11.44M | HYPERSONICS ADVANCED CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIC MISSIONS RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, TEST, AND EVALUATION FOR THE NAVYS STRATEGIC SYSTEMS PROGRAMS AND THE NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER CRANE STRATEGIC SYSTEMS… | “hypersonics” |
| FA910122CB004 | Perikin Enterprises LLC | Department of Defense | Engineering, technical and professional support | $8.99M | HYPERSONIC TEST & EVALUATION ADVISORY AND ASSISTANCE SERVICES | “hypersonic” |
| FA930025C6011 | Ursa Major Technologies, Inc. | Department of Defense |
How awards are tagged: their product or program code, or words in the award's original description (hypersonic…), minus known noise. A description can mention the topic in passing, so check an award's own page. Source: USAspending.gov prime awards, FY2023 on; amounts are obligations (money committed), not outlays.
| Avarint, LLC | $6.44M | 10 | Engineering, technical and professional support | Department of Defense | FA930426F5013 · $2.88M · COUNTER HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT COMMAND CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS (C3) (CHAC) TASK ORDER 11 |
| Bowhead Program Management & Operations, LLC | $6.05M | 1 | Engineering, technical and professional support | Department of Defense | N0017824F3002 · $6.05M · SUPPORT OF THE ADVANCED HYPERSONIC WEAPONS & GUIDED MUNITIONS DIVISION (E20) NSWCDD TO… |
| Varda Space Industries, Inc. | $4.66M | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA945323CA035 · $4.66M · STRATFI, SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATIVE RESEARCH, ECONOMICAL REENTRY CAPSULES FOR HYPERSONIC… |
| Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station | $3.33M | 3 | Research and development | Department of Defense | W911NF24F0064 · $1.80M · RAPID DESIGN OF HYPERSONIC VEHICLES |
| Wichita State University | $2.54M | 3 | Research and development | National Aeronautics and Space Administration | 80GRC026FA013 · $1.86M · DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASES OF REFRACTORY COMPOSITES FOR THE VALIDATION OF FLIGHT… |
| Carbon Carbon Advanced Technologies, Inc. | $2.00M | 3 | Research and development | Department of Defense | SP470126C0055 · $2.00M · STTR PHASE II:CARBON-CARBON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, INC. PROPORSAL TITLE:SIC-MODIFIED… |
| Cornerstone Research Group Inc | $1.96M | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | HQ086026CE012 · $1.96M · ACTIVE PHYSICS-INFORMED GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE HYPERSONIC |
| Erie Affiliates Inc | $1.84M | 1 | Other services | National Aeronautics and Space Administration | 80GRC026F7022 · $1.84M · HYPERSONIC TEST FACILITY (HTF) SUBSTATION REPAIRS |
| Corvid Technologies, LLC | $1.55M | 4 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA865125FB034 · $1.55M · HYPERSONIC INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED MISSILES (HITEM) LETHALITY TESTING AND… |
| Cummings Aerospace, Inc. | $1.54M | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA248724FB044 · $1.54M · HYPERSONIC ATTACK CRUISE MISSILE (HACM) PROGRAM REFER TO ATTACHMENT 1 - STATEMENT OF… |
| Exo-Atmospheric Technologies LLC | $1.50M | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | HQ086026CE041 · $1.50M · ADVANCED INSTRUMENTATION FOR CARBON-CARBON STRUCTURES IN HYPERSONIC ENVIRONMENTS |
| Cermetech LLC | $1.24M | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | SP470126C0044 · $1.24M · SBIR STTR PHASE II CONTRACT, CERMETECH LLC, CAGE 9BKB0, PROPOSAL L2S-0085 TITLED… |
| Castelion Corporation | $1.12M | 2 | Research and development | Department of Defense | W912CG25C0009 · $1.12M · NEW PHASE II - EFFORT ENTITLED, HYPERSONIC EQUIPAGE FROM TWENTY FOOT EQUIVALENT UNIT… |
| Northrop Grumman Corporation | $1.03M | 2 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA865125FB045 · $543.0K · HYPERSONIC INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED MISSILES PAYLOAD INTEGRATION |
| Mississippi State University | $1.01M | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | W912HZ25C0012 · $1.01M · MSU ADVANCED HYPERSONICS YEAR 1 |
| Karagozian & Case, Inc. | $963.0K | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA865125FB018 · $963.0K · HYPERSONIC INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED MISSILES (HITEM) LETHALITY MODELING |
| Relogic Research, Inc. | $799.9K | 3 | Research and development | Department of Defense | HQ086022C0002 · $499.9K · ADVANCED HYPERSONIC THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT |
| Stratolaunch, LLC | $745.5K | 1 | Research and development | National Aeronautics and Space Administration | 80AFRC25P0001 · $745.5K · FLIGHT TEST VEHICLE CONCEPT STUDY IN SUPPORT OF MAKING ADVANCEMENTS IN COMMERCIAL… |
| Concordia Technologies, LLC | $600.0K | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | HQ086025C0003 · $600.0K · HYPERSONIC DEFENSE FOR REACTIVE ARCHITECTURES (HYDRA) PART II |
| University of Texas at Austin | $559.6K | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | W911NF24C0065 · $559.6K · DEVELOP NEW CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE (CMC) MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR NEXT-GENERATION… |
| Gohypersonic Incorporated | $551.1K | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA945322C0017 · $551.1K · EO14042 HYPERSONIC PERFORMANCE TOOLBOX INTEGRATING MODELING ENVIRONMENT (HYPERTIME) |
| Mach-20, LLC | $532.9K | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA239424FB003 · $532.9K · MAADS MANUFACTURING READINESS AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS FOR HYPERSONICS |
| Aerovironment, Inc | $390.0K | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA865022F5287 · $390.0K · CERAMIC ADVANCED MATERIALS AND PROCESSES TASK ORDER 0003 SURFACE MORPHING AND ADAPTIVE… |
| Spectral Imaging Laboratory | $300.0K | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA865124CB017 · $300.0K · CONFORMAL, MULTI-APERTURE THERMAL-OPTICAL DEMONSTRATOR FOR HYPERSONIC FLIGHT |
| University of Tennessee | $290.7K | 1 | Research and development | Department of Defense | FA910126FB009 · $290.7K · UTSI IDIQ - SOLVER DEVELOPMENT FOR HYPERSONIC SIMULATION TASK ORDER |
| Research and development |
| $8.22M |
| STORABLE ROCKET ENGINE FOR HYPERSONIC APPLICATIONS |
| “hypersonic” |
| N0017824F3002 | Bowhead Program Management & Operations, LLC | Department of Defense | Engineering, technical and professional support | $6.05M | SUPPORT OF THE ADVANCED HYPERSONIC WEAPONS & GUIDED MUNITIONS DIVISION (E20) NSWCDD TO PROVIDE R&D FOR GUIDED MUNITIONS, PROJECTILES, GUIDED MISSILES, AND GUIDED ROCKETS AGAINST THREATS | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| FA945323CA035 | Varda Space Industries, Inc. | Department of Defense | Research and development | $4.66M | STRATFI, SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATIVE RESEARCH, ECONOMICAL REENTRY CAPSULES FOR HYPERSONIC TESTING | “hypersonic” |
| FA820426FB002 | The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC | Department of Defense | Engineering, technical and professional support | $3.51M | HYPERSONIC REENTRY VEHICLE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING, DESIGN, AND ANALYSIS | “hypersonic” |
| N000142612158 | University of Notre Dame Du Lac | Department of Defense | Grants and other assistance | $3.29M | MASTERS AND STEM PROGRAMS IN HYPERSONIC SYSTEMS | “hypersonic” |
| FA930426F5013 | Avarint, LLC | Department of Defense | Engineering, technical and professional support | $2.88M | COUNTER HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT COMMAND CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS (C3) (CHAC) TASK ORDER 11 | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| SP470126C0055 | Carbon Carbon Advanced Technologies, Inc. | Department of Defense | Research and development | $2.00M | STTR PHASE II:CARBON-CARBON ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, INC. PROPORSAL TITLE:SIC-MODIFIED ADVANCED CARBON-CARBON (ACC) FOR UNIFIED HYPERSONIC AEROSHELL THERMAL PROTECTION PROPOSAL #:L2S-0096 | “hypersonic” |
| HQ086026CE012 | Cornerstone Research Group Inc | Department of Defense | Research and development | $1.96M | ACTIVE PHYSICS-INFORMED GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE HYPERSONIC | “hypersonic” |
| 80GRC026FA013 | Wichita State University | National Aeronautics and Space Administration | Research and development | $1.86M | DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASES OF REFRACTORY COMPOSITES FOR THE VALIDATION OF FLIGHT STRUCTURES FOR HYPERSONIC FLIGHT. SIC/SIC, CARBON CARBON AND CARBON SILICON CARBIDE ARE HIGH TEMPERATURE COMPOSITE… | “hypersonic” |
| 80GRC026F7022 | Erie Affiliates Inc | National Aeronautics and Space Administration | Other services | $1.84M | HYPERSONIC TEST FACILITY (HTF) SUBSTATION REPAIRS | “hypersonic” |
| W911NF24F0064 | Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station | Department of Defense | Research and development | $1.80M | RAPID DESIGN OF HYPERSONIC VEHICLES | “hypersonic” |
| FA865125FB034 | Corvid Technologies, LLC | Department of Defense | Research and development | $1.55M | HYPERSONIC INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED MISSILES (HITEM) LETHALITY TESTING AND VEHICLE EFFECTS | “hypersonic” |
| FA248724FB044 | Cummings Aerospace, Inc. | Department of Defense | Research and development | $1.54M | HYPERSONIC ATTACK CRUISE MISSILE (HACM) PROGRAM REFER TO ATTACHMENT 1 - STATEMENT OF WORK (SOW) FOR DETAILS | “hypersonic” |
| FA95502410301 | University of Alabama at Birmingham | Department of Defense | Grants and other assistance | $1.50M | (MURI) COMPOSITIONALLY COMPLEX CERAMICS FOR HYPERSONICS VIA KNOWLEDGE-GUIDED CERAMIZATION | “hypersonics” |
| HQ086026CE041 | Exo-Atmospheric Technologies LLC | Department of Defense | Research and development | $1.50M | ADVANCED INSTRUMENTATION FOR CARBON-CARBON STRUCTURES IN HYPERSONIC ENVIRONMENTS | “hypersonic” |
| N0002426F8080 | The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC | Department of Defense | Research and development | $1.31M | FLIGHT ADVANCEMENT OF STRUCTURES FOR HYPERSONICS (FLASH-MFSH1) | “hypersonics” |
| SP470126C0044 | Cermetech LLC | Department of Defense | Research and development | $1.24M | SBIR STTR PHASE II CONTRACT, CERMETECH LLC, CAGE 9BKB0, PROPOSAL L2S-0085 TITLED DOMESTIC MANUFACTURING OF PRE-CERAMIC POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED HYPERSONIC MATERIALS, SBIR BAA 22.2 UNDER TOPIC DLA222-007 | “hypersonic” |
| N000142212661 | The Regents of the University of Colorado | Department of Defense | Grants and other assistance | $1.20M | (ONR TRACKING NUMBER: 21-000001048) DEVELOPMENT OF VALIDATED HYPERSONIC PLASMA KINETICS MODELS INCLUDING ATOMIC EXCITATION | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| N000142412682 | The Regents of the University of Colorado | Department of Defense | Grants and other assistance | $1.20M | PHONONIC SUBSURFACES AND POROUS METASURFACES FOR THE CONTROL OF HYPERSONIC BOUNDARY - LAYER FLOWS | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| FA930426F5024 | Avarint, LLC | Department of Defense | Engineering, technical and professional support | $1.20M | JSE DIADS COUNTER-HYPERSONIC/AIRCRAFT C3 (CHAC) TO 02 | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| N000142612096 | The Regents of the University of California | Department of Defense | Grants and other assistance | $1.13M | REDUCED-ORDER MODELING FOR NON-EQUILIBRIUM HYPERSONIC FLOWS | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| FA930426F5007 | Avarint, LLC | Department of Defense | Engineering, technical and professional support | $1.12M | COUNTER HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT COMMAND CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS (C3) (CHAC) - TO 10 | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| W912CG25C0009 | Castelion Corporation | Department of Defense | Research and development | $1.12M | NEW PHASE II - EFFORT ENTITLED, HYPERSONIC EQUIPAGE FROM TWENTY FOOT EQUIVALENT UNIT CONTAINER, PROPOSAL F2D-11201. CASTELION SEEKS TO DEVELOP A SYSTEM WHICH ENABLES 500LBS OF RAPID CARGO DELIVERY… | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| W912HZ25C0012 | Mississippi State University | Department of Defense | Research and development | $1.01M | MSU ADVANCED HYPERSONICS YEAR 1 | “hypersonics” |
| FA865125FB018 | Karagozian & Case, Inc. | Department of Defense | Research and development | $963.0K | HYPERSONIC INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED MISSILES (HITEM) LETHALITY MODELING | “hypersonic” |
| W911NF24F0060 | Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station | Department of Defense | Research and development | $943.1K | LASER DIAGNOSTICS FOR HYPERSONICS | “hypersonics” possibly only a mention |
| N0002424F8080 | The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC | Department of Defense | Research and development | $845.1K | ASSESSMENT OF HYPERSONIC TRANSITION AND TURBULENT HEATING (HTT) 2.0 | “hypersonic” |
| 80AFRC25P0001 | Stratolaunch, LLC | National Aeronautics and Space Administration | Research and development | $745.5K | FLIGHT TEST VEHICLE CONCEPT STUDY IN SUPPORT OF MAKING ADVANCEMENTS IN COMMERCIAL HYPERSONICS (MACH) PROGRAM NASA HYPERSONIC TECHNOLOGY PROJECT | “hypersonics” |
| 80GRC024FA023 | Wichita State University | National Aeronautics and Space Administration | Research and development | $674.2K | DEVELOPMENT OF DATABASES OF REFRACTORY COMPOSITES FOR THE VALIDATION OF FLIGHT STRUCTURES FOR HYPERSONIC FLIGHT. SIC/SIC, CARBON CARBON AND CARBON SILICON CARBIDE ARE HIGH TEMPERATURE COMPOSITE… | “hypersonic” |
| HQ086025C0003 | Concordia Technologies, LLC | Department of Defense | Research and development | $600.0K | HYPERSONIC DEFENSE FOR REACTIVE ARCHITECTURES (HYDRA) PART II | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| W911NF24F0061 | Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station | Department of Defense | Research and development | $582.8K | ADVANCED HYPERSONICS DIAGNOSTIC | “hypersonics” |
| W911NF24C0065 | University of Texas at Austin | Department of Defense | Research and development | $559.6K | DEVELOP NEW CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITE (CMC) MATERIALS SUITABLE FOR NEXT-GENERATION THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS (TPS) ON HYPERSONIC WEAPONS. | “hypersonic” |
| FA945322C0017 | Gohypersonic Incorporated | Department of Defense | Research and development | $551.1K | EO14042 HYPERSONIC PERFORMANCE TOOLBOX INTEGRATING MODELING ENVIRONMENT (HYPERTIME) | “hypersonic” |
| FA865125FB045 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Department of Defense | Research and development | $543.0K | HYPERSONIC INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED MISSILES PAYLOAD INTEGRATION | “hypersonic” |
| FA239424FB003 | Mach-20, LLC | Department of Defense | Research and development | $532.9K | MAADS MANUFACTURING READINESS AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS FOR HYPERSONICS | “hypersonics” |
| N000142612264 | Texas a & M University | Department of Defense | Grants and other assistance | $526.0K | NO IDC DURIP: FEMTOSECOND LASER-BASED SYSTEM FOR HIGH-SPEED DIAGNOSTICS IN HYPERSONIC TUNNELS | “hypersonic” |
| FA930426F5019 | Avarint, LLC | Department of Defense | Engineering, technical and professional support | $520.0K | COUNTER HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT COMMAND CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS (C3) (CHAC) DIADS D2C2-N PHASE 2B FY26 | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| HQ086022C0002 | Relogic Research, Inc. | Department of Defense | Research and development | $499.9K | ADVANCED HYPERSONIC THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT | “hypersonic” |
| FA865022C5705 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Department of Defense | Research and development | $485.4K | CONGRESSIONAL INTEREST ITEM / MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY FOR HYPERSONIC AIRBREATHING CRUISE MISSILE | “hypersonic” |
| 2548118 | The University of Central Florida Board of Trustees | National Science Foundation | Grants and other assistance | $465.0K | REU SITE: ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR HYPERSONIC, PROPULSIVE, ENERGETIC AND REUSABLE PLATFORMS -THE RESEARCH EXPERIENCE FOR UNDERGRADUATES (REU) SITE IN HYPERSONIC, PROPULSIVE, ENERGETIC, AND REUSABLE… | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| FA95502510050 | Purdue Applied Research Institute, LLC | Department of Defense | Grants and other assistance | $400.0K | NOVEL TESTING METHODS FOR MEASURING CRITICAL GAS PHASE INTERACTIONS IN HYPERSONIC GROUND TEST | “hypersonic” |
| FA865125FB033 | Science Applications International Corporation | Department of Defense | Research and development | $400.0K | HYPERSONIC INFRARED TARGET SENSING (HITS) | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| FA865022F5287 | Aerovironment, Inc | Department of Defense | Research and development | $390.0K | CERAMIC ADVANCED MATERIALS AND PROCESSES TASK ORDER 0003 SURFACE MORPHING AND ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES FOR HYPERSONICS (SMASH) | “hypersonics” |
| FA930426F5022 | Avarint, LLC | Department of Defense | Engineering, technical and professional support | $355.1K | COUNTER HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT COMMAND CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS (C3) (CHAC) DIADS 318 RANS PHASE 6 SUPPORT | “hypersonic” possibly only a mention |
| N000142312458 | Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station | Department of Defense | Grants and other assistance | $350.0K | CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH ENTHALPY FLOWS AND ABLATION PRODUCTS SURROUNDING HYPERSONIC PLATFORMS | “hypersonic” |
| N000142312623 | University of Arizona | Department of Defense | Grants and other assistance | $335.0K | THERMODYNAMIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYPERSONIC MATERIALS RESPONSE USING OXY-TORCH AND PLASMATRON, SCREENING AND ARC JET TESTING | “hypersonic” |