48 CFR · Federal Acquisition Regulation and Defense supplement
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The codified text (eCFR, as of 2026-10-02). Under the Revolutionary FAR Overhaul ↗, agencies follow class deviations with new text for many parts while the formal rules go through the Federal Register: check the solicitation and your contract's clauses, which rule.
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46 sections with “fair and reasonable pricing”: the first 40
- DFARS 215.371-3 Fair and reasonable price and the requirement for additional cost or pricing data.…g data are required to determine through cost or price analysis that the offered price is fair and reasonable, the contracting officer shall require that any cost or pricing data provided in the proposal be certified if the acquisition exce…
- DFARS 252.215-7010 Requirements for Certified Cost or Pricing Data and Data Other Than Certified Cost or Pricing Data.…nt necessary to determine whether an exception should be granted and whether the price is fair and reasonable. (i) Exception for prices set by law or regulation—Identification of the law or regulation establishing the prices offered. If th…
- FAR 15.403-4 Requiring certified cost or pricing data (10 U.S.C. chapter 271 and 41 U.S.C. chapter 35).… believe exceptional circumstances exist and has sufficient data available to determine a fair and reasonable price, then the contracting officer should consider requesting a waiver under the exception at 15.403-1(b)(4). The threshold for o…
- FAR 15.402 Pricing policy.…ntracting officers shall— (a) Purchase supplies and services from responsible sources at fair and reasonable prices. In establishing the reasonableness of the offered prices, the contracting officer— (1) Shall obtain certified cost or pri…
- FAR 15.403-1 Prohibition on obtaining certified cost or pricing data (10 U.S.C. chapter 271 and 41 U.S.C. chapter 35).…an certified cost or pricing data as defined in FAR 2.101 to support a determination of a fair and reasonable price or cost realism)— (1) When the contracting officer determines that prices agreed upon are based on adequate price competiti…
- FAR 15.403-3 Requiring data other than certified cost or pricing data.…e available from Government or other secondary sources and use that data in determining a fair and reasonable price; (ii) Require submission of data other than certified cost or pricing data, as defined in 2.101, from the offeror to the ex…
- FAR 2.101 Definitions.…ost data, and judgmental information necessary for the contracting officer to determine a fair and reasonable price or to determine cost realism. Such data may include the identical types of data as certified cost or pricing data, consisten…
- FAR 15.403-5 Instructions for submission of certified cost or pricing data and data other than certified cost or pricing data.…at use of a specific format is essential for evaluating and determining that the price is fair and reasonable and the format has been described in the solicitation. (3) Format for submission of data supporting forward pricing rate agreemen…
- FAR 19.806 Pricing the 8(a) contract.…a) contractor. If the SBA requests audit assistance to determine the proposed price to be fair and reasonable in a sole source acquisition, the contracting activity shall furnish it to the extent it is available. (b) An 8(a) contract, sole…
- FAR 52.215-20 Requirements for Certified Cost or Pricing Data and Data Other Than Certified Cost or Pricing Data.…t necessary to determine whether an exception should be granted, and whether the price is fair and reasonable. (i) Identification of the law or regulation establishing the price offered. If the price is controlled under law by periodic rul…
- FAR 52.215-21 Requirements for Certified Cost or Pricing Data and Data Other Than Certified Cost or Pricing Data—Modifications.…t necessary to determine whether an exception should be granted, and whether the price is fair and reasonable— (i) Identification of the law or regulation establishing the price offered. If the price is controlled under law by periodic rul…
- DFARS 215.403-1 Prohibition on obtaining certified cost or pricing data (10 U.S.C. chapter 271 and 41 U.S.C. chapter 35).… modification, without the granting of the waiver; (2) The price can be determined to be fair and reasonable without the submission of certified cost or pricing data; and (3) There are demonstrated benefits to granting the waiver. Follow …
- DFARS 215.402 Pricing policy.…vernment's ability to obtain any data that may be necessary to support a determination of fair and reasonable pricing by agreeing to contract terms that preclude obtaining necessary supporting information; and (C) When obtaining uncertifie…
- FAR 8.404 Use of Federal Supply Schedules.… services, and rates for services offered at hourly rates, under schedule contracts to be fair and reasonable. Therefore, ordering activities are not required to make a separate determination of fair and reasonable pricing, except for a pri…
- FAR 15.404-1 Proposal analysis techniques.…eneral. The objective of proposal analysis is to ensure that the final agreed-to price is fair and reasonable. (1) The contracting officer is responsible for evaluating the reasonableness of the offered prices. The analytical techniques an…
- FAR 15.406-3 Documenting the negotiation.…rnment's negotiation objective, and the negotiated position. Where the determination of a fair and reasonable price is based on cost analysis, the summary shall address each major cost element. When determination of a fair and reasonable pr…
- FAR 16.505 Ordering.…n under the Treasury Offset Program (TOP). (b) Orders under multiple-award contracts—(1) Fair opportunity. (i) The contracting officer must provide each awardee a fair opportunity to be considered for each order exceeding the micro-purchas…
- FAR 31.205-6 Compensation for personal services.…e following additional restrictions apply: (i) Valuation placed on the securities is the fair market value on the first date the number of shares awarded is known, determined upon the most objective basis available. (ii) Accruals for the …
- DFARS 215.407-5-70 Disclosure, maintenance, and review requirements.…le, documented, and timely cost estimates that are an acceptable basis for negotiation of fair and reasonable prices; (iii) Is consistent with and integrated with the contractor's related management systems; and (iv) Is subject to applica…
- DFARS 252.215-7003 Requirement for Submission of Data Other Than Certified Cost or Pricing Data—Canadian Commercial Corporation.…orks and Government Services Canada to the Canadian Commercial Corporation to determine a fair and reasonable price (comparable to the analysis required at FAR 15.404-1). (iii) Data other than certified cost or pricing data necessary to pe…
- DFARS 252.215-7004 Requirement for Submission of Data Other Than Certified Cost or Pricing Data—Modifications-Canadian Commercial Corporation.…orks and Government Services Canada to the Canadian Commercial Corporation to determine a fair and reasonable price (comparable to the analysis required at FAR 15.404-1). (iii) Data other than certified cost or pricing data necessary to pe…
- FAR 15.404-3 Subcontract pricing considerations.(a) The contracting officer is responsible for the determination of a fair and reasonable price for the prime contract, including subcontracting costs. The contracting officer should consider whether a contractor or subcontractor has an app…
- FAR 15.408 Solicitation provisions and contract clauses.…er fixed-price-incentive and fixed-price-redeterminable arrangements should be net of the fair market value of such inventory. In support of subcontract costs, submit a listing of all subcontracts subject to repricing action, annotated as t…
- DFARS 215.403-3 Requiring data other than certified cost or pricing data.…(1) Contracting officers shall not determine the price of a contract or subcontract to be fair and reasonable based solely on historical prices paid by the Government (see PGI 215.403-3(4)); and (4) In lieu of the factors for consideration…
- FAR 15.404-2 Data to support proposal analysis.…stance when the information available at the buying activity is inadequate to determine a fair and reasonable price. The contracting officer shall tailor requests to reflect the minimum essential supplementary information needed to conduct …
- FAR 15.405 Price negotiation.…at permits the contracting officer and the offeror an opportunity to reach agreement on a fair and reasonable price. A fair and reasonable price does not require that agreement be reached on every element of cost, nor is it mandatory that t…
- FAR 52.219-9 Small Business Subcontracting Plan.…recognized by the Federal Government as eligible for services from the Bureau of Indian Affairs in accordance with 25 U.S.C. 1452(c). This definition also includes Indian-owned economic enterprises that meet the requirements of 25 U.S.C. 14…
- DFARS 252.215-7008 Only One Offer.…ditional cost or pricing data that is required in order to determine whether the price is fair and reasonable (10 U.S.C. 3705) or to comply with the statutory requirement for certified cost or pricing data (10 U.S.C. 3702 and FAR 15.403-3);…
- FAR 8.402 General.…and issue orders electronically. Posting an RFQ on eBuy— (i) Is one medium for providing fair notice to all schedule contractors offering such supplies and services as required by 8.405-1, 8.405-2, and 8.405-3; and (ii) Is required when a…
- FAR 16.205-2 Application.…n acquisitions of quantity production or services for which it is possible to negotiate a fair and reasonable firm fixed price for an initial period, but not for subsequent periods of contract performance. (a) The initial period should be …
- FAR 16.504 Indefinite-quantity contracts.… more than a nominal quantity, but it should not exceed the amount that the Government is fairly certain to order. (3) The contract may also specify maximum or minimum quantities that the Government may order under each task or delivery or…
- DFARS 225.870-4 Contracting procedures.…n certified cost or pricing data from the offeror, to the extent necessary to determine a fair and reasonable price. (i) No further approval is required to request data other than certified cost or pricing data from the Canadian Commercial…
- DFARS 252.215-7002 Cost Estimating System Requirements.…le, documented, and timely cost estimates that are an acceptable basis for negotiation of fair and reasonable prices; (3) Is consistent with and integrated with the Contractor's related management systems; and (4) Is subject to applicable…
- FAR 4.803 Contents of contract files.…icies. (17) Data and information related to the contracting officer's determination of a fair and reasonable price. This may include— (i) Certified cost or pricing data; (ii) Data other than certified cost or pricing data; (iii) Justifi…
- FAR 12.207 Contract type.…the Government's expressed requirement from two or more responsible offerors; or (C) The fair opportunity procedures in 16.505 (including discretionary small business set-asides under 16.505(b)(2)(i)(F)), if placing an order under a multip…
- FAR 15.406-1 Prenegotiation objectives.…s initial negotiation position. They assist in the contracting officer's determination of fair and reasonable price. They should be based on the results of the contracting officer's analysis of the offeror's proposal, taking into considerat…
- FAR 16.202-2 Application.…ional or detailed specifications (see part 11) when the contracting officer can establish fair and reasonable prices at the outset, such as when— (a) There is adequate price competition; (b) There are reasonable price comparisons with pri…
- FAR 16.403-1 Fixed-price incentive (firm target) contracts.…tset a firm target cost, target profit, and profit adjustment formula that will provide a fair and reasonable incentive and a ceiling that provides for the contractor to assume an appropriate share of the risk. When the contractor assumes a…
- FAR 16.403-2 Fixed-price incentive (successive targets) contracts.…i) firm targets and a formula for establishing final profit and price that will provide a fair and reasonable incentive. This additional information is not limited to experience under the contract, itself, but may be drawn from other contra…
- FAR 31.102 Fixed-price contracts.…ry use of cost principles, the objective will continue to be to negotiate prices that are fair and reasonable, cost and other factors considered.
FAR (chapter 1)
- Part 1 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 58 sections
- Part 2 Definitions of Words and Terms 3 sections
- Part 3 Improper Business Practices and Personal Conflicts of Interest 98 sections
- Part 4 Administrative and Information Matters 116 sections
- Part 5 Publicizing Contract Actions 34 sections
- Part 6 Competition Requirements 34 sections
- Part 7 Acquisition Planning 34 sections
- Part 8 Required Sources of Supplies and Services 67 sections
- Part 9 Contractor Qualifications 106 sections
- Part 10 Market Research 4 sections
- Part 11 Describing Agency Needs 33 sections
- Part 12 Acquisition of Commercial Products and Commercial Services 38 sections
- Part 13 Simplified Acquisition Procedures 49 sections
- Part 14 Sealed Bidding 82 sections
- Part 15 Contracting by Negotiation 81 sections
- Part 16 Types of Contracts 74 sections
- Part 17 Special Contracting Methods 50 sections
- Part 18 Emergency Acquisitions 34 sections
- Part 19 Small Business Programs 126 sections
- Part 22 Application of Labor Laws to Government Acquisitions 205 sections
- Part 23 Environment, Sustainable Acquisition, and Material Safety 38 sections
- Part 24 Protection of Privacy and Freedom of Information 10 sections
- Part 25 Foreign Acquisition 81 sections
- Part 26 Other Socioeconomic Programs 36 sections
- Part 27 Patents, Data, and Copyrights 59 sections
- Part 28 Bonds and Insurance 61 sections
- Part 29 Taxes 23 sections
- Part 30 Cost Accounting Standards Administration 30 sections
- Part 31 Contract Cost Principles and Procedures 87 sections
- Part 32 Contract Financing 175 sections
- Part 33 Protests, Disputes, and Appeals 23 sections
- Part 34 Major System Acquisition 20 sections
- Part 35 Research and Development Contracting 25 sections
- Part 36 Construction and Architect-engineer Contracts 81 sections
- Part 37 Service Contracting 46 sections
- Part 38 Federal Supply Schedule Contracting 3 sections
- Part 39 Acquisition of Information Technology 14 sections
- Part 40 Information Security and Supply Chain Security 12 sections
- Part 41 Acquisition of Utility Services 17 sections
- Part 42 Contract Administration and Audit Services 84 sections
- Part 43 Contract Modifications 14 sections
- Part 44 Subcontracting Policies and Procedures 24 sections
- Part 45 Government Property 33 sections
- Part 46 Quality Assurance 60 sections
- Part 47 Transportation 106 sections
- Part 48 Value Engineering 13 sections
- Part 49 Termination of Contracts 108 sections
- Part 50 Extraordinary Contractual Actions and the Safety Act 34 sections
- Part 51 Use of Government Sources by Contractors 15 sections
- Part 52 Solicitation Provisions and Contract Clauses 680 sections
- Part 53 Forms 61 sections
DFARS (chapter 2, Defense)
- Part 201 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 24 sections
- Part 202 Definitions of Words and Terms 1 sections
- Part 203 Improper Business Practices and Personal Conflicts of Interest 28 sections
- Part 204 Administrative and Information Matters 76 sections
- Part 205 Publicizing Contract Actions 11 sections
- Part 206 Competition Requirements 20 sections
- Part 207 Acquisition Planning 22 sections
- Part 208 Required Sources of Supplies and Services 31 sections
- Part 209 Contractor Qualifications 55 sections
- Part 210 Market Research 2 sections
- Part 211 Describing Agency Needs 22 sections
- Part 212 Acquisition of Commercial Products and Commercial Services 24 sections
- Part 213 Simplified Acquisition Procedures 23 sections
- Part 214 Sealed Bidding 14 sections
- Part 215 Contracting by Negotiation 66 sections
- Part 216 Types of Contracts 36 sections
- Part 217 Special Contracting Methods 64 sections
- Part 218 Emergency Acquisitions 7 sections
- Part 219 Small Business Programs 47 sections
- Part 222 Application of Labor Laws to Government Acquisitions 56 sections
- Part 223 Environment, Sustainable Acquisition, and Material Safety 34 sections
- Part 224 Protection of Privacy and Freedom of Information 2 sections
- Part 225 Foreign Acquisition 251 sections
- Part 226 Other Socioeconomic Programs 14 sections
- Part 227 Patents, Data, and Copyrights 99 sections
- Part 228 Bonds and Insurance 17 sections
- Part 229 Taxes 9 sections
- Part 230 Cost Accounting Standards Administration 2 sections
- Part 231 Contract Cost Principles and Procedures 13 sections
- Part 232 Contract Financing 74 sections
- Part 233 Protests, Disputes, and Appeals 8 sections
- Part 234 Major System Acquisition 13 sections
- Part 235 Research and Development Contracting 16 sections
- Part 236 Construction and Architect-engineer Contracts 25 sections
- Part 237 Service Contracting 67 sections
- Part 239 Acquisition of Information Technology 38 sections
- Part 241 Acquisition of Utility Services 8 sections
- Part 242 Contract Administration and Audit Services 40 sections
- Part 243 Contract Modifications 18 sections
- Part 244 Subcontracting Policies and Procedures 13 sections
- Part 245 Government Property 23 sections
- Part 246 Quality Assurance 39 sections
- Part 247 Transportation 27 sections
- Part 249 Termination of Contracts 14 sections
- Part 250 Extraordinary Contractual Actions and the Safety Act 16 sections
- Part 251 Use of Government Sources by Contractors 5 sections
- Part 252 Solicitation Provisions and Contract Clauses 405 sections
- Part 253 Forms 10 sections
- Part 270 Defense Contracting Programs 7 sections
Source: eCFR, 48 CFR chapters 1 and 2 (GPO GovInfo bulk data) ↗. Rule changes in progress: FAR, DFARS. Terms: glossary.